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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viskoelastizität</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Als <b>Viskoelastizität</b> bezeichnet man ein teilweise <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4t_(Physik)" title="Elastizität (Physik)">elastisches</a>, teilweise <a href="Viskosit%C3%A4t" title="Viskosität">viskoses</a> Materialverhalten. Viskoelastische Stoffe vereinigen also Merkmale von <a href="Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper">Festkörpern</a> und <a href="Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit">Flüssigkeiten</a> in sich. Der Effekt ist <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">zeit</a>-, <a href="Temperatur" title="Temperatur">temperatur</a>- und <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">frequenzabhängig</a> und tritt bei <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeren</a> <a href="Schmelze" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmelze">Schmelzen</a> und Festkörpern wie z. B. <a href="Kunststoff" title="Kunststoff">Kunststoffen</a>, aber auch bei anderen Materialien auf.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materialverhalten">Materialverhalten</h2></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Rheologisches_Modell#Viskoelastizität" title="Rheologisches Modell">Abschnitt Viskoelastizität im Artikel Rheologisches Modell</a></div>
<ul><li>Der elastische Anteil bewirkt grundsätzlich eine spontane, begrenzte, <a href="Reversibler_Prozess" title="Reversibler Prozess">reversible</a> <a href="Verformung" title="Verformung">Verformung</a>,</li>
<li>während der viskose Anteil grundsätzlich eine zeitabhängige, unbegrenzte, <a href="Irreversibler_Prozess" title="Irreversibler Prozess">irreversible</a> Verformung bewirkt.</li></ul>
<p>Viskoser und elastischer Anteil sind bei verschiedenen viskoelastischen Materialien jeweils unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt, auch die Art des Zusammenwirkens differiert.
</p><p>In der <a href="Rheologie" title="Rheologie">Rheologie</a> wird elastisches Verhalten durch eine <a href="Feder_(Technik)" title="Feder (Technik)">Feder</a>, das <i>Hooke</i>-Element, und viskoses Verhalten durch einen <a href="D%C3%A4mpfung" title="Dämpfung">Dämpfungszylinder</a>, das <i>Newton</i>-Element, dargestellt. Viskoelastisches Verhalten kann durch die Kombination zweier oder mehrerer dieser Elemente modelliert werden.
</p><p>Die einfachsten viskoelastischen Modelle sind:
</p>
<ul><li>der <i>Kelvin</i>-Körper. Bei ihm sind Feder und Dämpfungszylinder <i>parallel</i> geschaltet. Bei <a href="Belastung_(Physik)" title="Belastung (Physik)">Belastung</a>, z. B. durch <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnung</a>, wird die Verformung durch den Dämpfungszylinder gebremst und durch die Feder in ihrem Ausmaß begrenzt. Nach einer Entlastung geht der Körper bedingt durch das <i>Hooke</i>-Element wieder in seine Ausgangsposition zurück. Der <i>Kelvin</i>-Körper verformt sich also zeitabhängig wie eine Flüssigkeit, aber begrenzt und reversibel wie ein Festkörper.</li>
<li>der <i>Maxwell</i>-Körper. Er ergibt sich aus der <i>Reihenschaltung</i> von Hooke- und Newton-Element. Bei Belastung verformt sich die Feder sofort, danach beginnt die zeitabhängige und unbegrenzte viskose Verformung. Nach Entlastung bewegt sich nur die Feder zurück, der viskose Anteil bleibt bestehen. Es liegt also eine zeitabhängige, unbegrenzte, irreversible Verformung wie bei einer Flüssigkeit vor, allerdings gibt es auch einen zeitunabhängigen und reversiblen spontanelastischen Anteil wie bei einem Festkörper.</li></ul>
<p>Komplexere Modelle viskoelastischen Verhaltens sind das <i>Zener</i><sub>m</sub>-, <i>Zener</i><sub>k</sub>-, <i>Lethersich</i>-, <i>Jeffreys</i>- und <i>Burgers</i>-Modell.
</p><p>Zur quantitativen Beschreibung dienen außerdem der <a href="Komplexer_Schubmodul" title="Komplexer Schubmodul">komplexe Schubmodul</a> und der komplexe Elastizitätsmodul.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineare_Viskoelastizität"><span id="Lineare_Viskoelastizit.C3.A4t"></span>Lineare Viskoelastizität</h2></div>
<p>In der Theorie linearer Viskoelastizität besteht ein linearer Zusammenhang zwischen der Spannung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d0ec2fbe49749b21f2d391656ef60cfb269735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Dehnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc74fc545ab3f54592db8fccce157170d9a431d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. der Dehnungsrate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/277ae7fd86848eee72bb2b1e7064721206d4c634.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.005ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, welcher über ein Volterra Integralgleichung dargestellt werden kann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}E(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=E(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {E}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}E(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=E(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {E}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80ad50ad4c496040cfb4dbd43ac9de8124cadf5e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:72.489ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}E(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=E(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {E}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t'}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der zeitabhängigen Federkonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, welche üblicherweise mit der Zeit abnimmt, um eine Relaxation im Material darzustellen. Die zweite Darstellung folgt hierbei aus der ersten mittels <a href="Partielle_Integration" title="Partielle Integration">partieller Integration</a>.
</p><p>Diese Relation kann auch umgekehrt werden mittels
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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</msubsup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ca070830b99a931f5c195db761cbf480d6f2e48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:72.918ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>mit der Kriechfunktion (engl. creep function) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81b89c87b051670a491c44ee8d4e49cf8aefbcf5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.415ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spezialfälle"><span id="Spezialf.C3.A4lle"></span>Spezialfälle</h3></div>
<p>Viele Materialmodelle erhält man für spezielle Formen der Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elastische_Körper"><span id="Elastische_K.C3.B6rper"></span>Elastische Körper</h4></div>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)=E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)=E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59c238c6b7c954fba6d8e4d633d32420cf417a56.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.299ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)=E}" loading="lazy"></span> als zeitunabhängige Federkonstante erhält man (mittels <a href="Hauptsatz_der_Differential-_und_Integralrechnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauptsatz der Differential- und Integralrechnung">Hauptsatz der Differential- und Integralrechnung</a>) aus der obigen Formel das (eindimensionale) Hooksche Gesetz
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a2c68a0067e819797eebc2f42acebd1f8fbf724b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.264ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newtonsche_Flüssigkeit"><span id="Newtonsche_Fl.C3.BCssigkeit"></span>Newtonsche Flüssigkeit</h4></div>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)=2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)=2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebf84d6d5942f0daa73b9379e14abc64bcea4e9a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.232ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)=2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Delta-Distribution" title="Delta-Distribution">Delta-Distribution</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c050147a97868286252447ef73515c8108edd398.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.698ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dd5cf20c8280a8a7b112556e8a02f0843a317473.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.93ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für eine (eindimensionale) Newtonsche Flüssigkeit mit Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kelvin-Körper"><span id="Kelvin-K.C3.B6rper"></span>Kelvin-Körper</h4></div>
<p>Den <a href="Kelvin-K%C3%B6rper" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin-Körper">Kelvin-Körper</a> erhält man aus einer additiven Kombination aus Hookeschem Gesetz und Newtonscher Flüssigkeit. So erhält man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)=E+2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)=E+2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30eb04b2b6c223104b467d828500f95590ca4052.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.848ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)=E+2\eta \cdot \delta (t)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)+\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)+\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/260f3104f5b76ce93595dd57a65d78f652d1e60f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.958ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot \varepsilon (t)+\eta \cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Spannung für einen Kelvin-Körper, welchen man aus Parallelschaltung einer Feder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> mit einem Dämpfungszylinder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> erhält.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maxwell-Körper"><span id="Maxwell-K.C3.B6rper"></span>Maxwell-Körper</h4></div>
<p>Nimmt die Federkonstante exponentiell ab gemäß
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bdfd46207b341ce5eadf698d575f0b39f34465b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.838ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68fb967af424b667b9528c47a6df9eaad4232af5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:42.684ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für die Spannung und durch Ableiten die Differentialgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=-{\frac {E}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=-{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=-{\frac {E}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=-{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d211cb9a687027be5f29be3264f88f64dc482afa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:74.358ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=-{\frac {E}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=-{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}+E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder äquivalent
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}=E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\qquad \Leftrightarrow \qquad {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)={\frac {{\dot {\sigma }}(t)}{E}}+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\eta }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}=E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\qquad \Leftrightarrow \qquad {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)={\frac {{\dot {\sigma }}(t)}{E}}+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\eta }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f6b6654ff2687fcd35fdd94014b447619a7e5d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:54.669ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\tau }}=E\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\qquad \Leftrightarrow \qquad {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)={\frac {{\dot {\sigma }}(t)}{E}}+{\frac {\sigma (t)}{\eta }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b87ad6b53988968516b3db327f8458dba61bbbd7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.925ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E}" loading="lazy"></span>. Integriert man die letzte Gleichung über die Zeit unter der Annahme <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (0)=\sigma (0)/E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (0)=\sigma (0)/E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4bde2a337e6f8a327a783e1acac1d2aee33c5d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.393ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (0)=\sigma (0)/E}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {\sigma (t')}{\eta }}\mathrm {d} t',}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {\sigma (t')}{\eta }}\mathrm {d} t',}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/221da6ec3a5773bca87e0315e122a827d1ca51f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.126ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {\sigma (t')}{\eta }}\mathrm {d} t',}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>was der Reihenschaltung einer Hookschen Feder mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{H}(t)=\sigma (t)/E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>H</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{H}(t)=\sigma (t)/E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6230900dbb35c58de4de7b06a82e8a6ef9238279.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.439ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{H}(t)=\sigma (t)/E}" loading="lazy"></span> und eines Dämpfungszylinders mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}_{D}(t)=\sigma (t)/\eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>D</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}_{D}(t)=\sigma (t)/\eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/623f8ec9118d6b8d7fc39e7e9ea29ce63ab6ee5f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.007ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\varepsilon }}_{D}(t)=\sigma (t)/\eta }" loading="lazy"></span> mit Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht, also einem <a href="Maxwell-K%C3%B6rper" title="Maxwell-Körper">Maxwell-Körper</a>. Verglichen mit der obigen Darstellung erhält man außerdem
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {C}}(t)={\frac {1}{\eta }},\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad C(t)={\frac {t}{\eta }}+{\frac {1}{E}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>E</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇒<!-- ⇒ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>E</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {C}}(t)={\frac {1}{\eta }},\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad C(t)={\frac {t}{\eta }}+{\frac {1}{E}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63747d2024191430a77728ed25a0b89eb6f29aae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:47.202ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {C}}(t)={\frac {1}{\eta }},\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E}}\quad \Rightarrow \quad C(t)={\frac {t}{\eta }}+{\frac {1}{E}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zenerm-Modell"><i>Zener</i><sub>m</sub>-Modell</h4></div>
<p>Fügt man zum Maxwell-Modell noch eine weitere Federkonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68cacbe04c10fce753db60f346f92a34e1567d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.591ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> hinzu mittels
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)=E_{\infty }+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau },}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)=E_{\infty }+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau },}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53f1b52641e6eed020749de4318c1c1354e9f2df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.909ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)=E_{\infty }+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau },}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>erhält man das <a href="Zener-Modell" class="mw-redirect" title="Zener-Modell">Zener<sub>m</sub>-Modell</a>, welches aus einer Feder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68cacbe04c10fce753db60f346f92a34e1567d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.591ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> besteht, welches parallel geschaltet ist zu einem Maxwell-Element bestehend aus der Feder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ac42446bcd2cbb76ec8fe2895635d328da22e26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.769ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und einem Dämpfungszylinder mit Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0dd212cfd19538a9451446c50b904944b768d3d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.918ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =\tau \cdot E_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Entsprechend bleibt für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b543f76f961ec3f52d78fa3d72c3d87a521dd3a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> bei konstanter Dehnung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=\varepsilon _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=\varepsilon _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75c1bd434039cdfc06bbabd2b74e54477742b3ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.969ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=\varepsilon _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>die Spannung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\infty }=\lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }\sigma (t)=2E_{2}\varepsilon _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\infty }=\lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }\sigma (t)=2E_{2}\varepsilon _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a7f706e389da65214fac133fc67810fd7cdfaa7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:23.715ex; height:4.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\infty }=\lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }\sigma (t)=2E_{2}\varepsilon _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> erhalten. Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=G(0)=E_{1}+E_{\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=G(0)=E_{1}+E_{\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b413e117bafb2a6c315384ae976c3ec3a6009d04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.965ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=G(0)=E_{1}+E_{\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> der Federkonstante.
</p><p>Allgemein erhält man die Spannung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E_{\infty }\cdot \varepsilon (t)+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E_{\infty }\cdot \varepsilon (t)+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/56783c4181793323e64aba8547cc785d5b907a2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:55.52ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=E_{\infty }\cdot \varepsilon (t)+E_{1}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und durch Ableiten dieser Gleichung nach der Zeit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=E_{\infty }\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {E_{1}}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E_{1}{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {\sigma (t)-E_{\infty }\varepsilon (t)}{\tau }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=E_{\infty }\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {E_{1}}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E_{1}{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {\sigma (t)-E_{\infty }\varepsilon (t)}{\tau }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b0aaf63442c1cd6cd4b97524dc91e3fa26f0ff5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:103.854ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)=E_{\infty }\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {E_{1}}{\tau }}\cdot e^{-t/\tau }\cdot \left(\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}e^{t'/\tau }{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right)+E_{1}{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)=(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)-{\frac {\sigma (t)-E_{\infty }\varepsilon (t)}{\tau }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Durch einfach Umformungen erhält man die Differentialgleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {E_{1}}{\eta }}\sigma (t)={\frac {E_{1}E_{\infty }}{\eta }}\varepsilon (t)+(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {E_{1}}{\eta }}\sigma (t)={\frac {E_{1}E_{\infty }}{\eta }}\varepsilon (t)+(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c446218a1aff8ee884b9540ef215d9a23a0fc147.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:47.964ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\sigma }}(t)+{\frac {E_{1}}{\eta }}\sigma (t)={\frac {E_{1}E_{\infty }}{\eta }}\varepsilon (t)+(E_{1}+E_{\infty })\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>welche nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d0ec2fbe49749b21f2d391656ef60cfb269735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc74fc545ab3f54592db8fccce157170d9a431d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> gelöst werden kann, falls man die andere Größe kennt. Unter der Annahme <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (0)=(E_{\infty }+E_{1})\cdot \varepsilon (0)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (0)=(E_{\infty }+E_{1})\cdot \varepsilon (0)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22a2f41bb80820c388942d30a4f4400d565f9ab1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.144ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (0)=(E_{\infty }+E_{1})\cdot \varepsilon (0)}" loading="lazy"></span> erhält man durch Lösen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E_{0}}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{1}}{{\tilde {\tau }}E_{0}E_{\infty }}}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}{\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E_{0}}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{1}}{{\tilde {\tau }}E_{0}E_{\infty }}}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}{\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/42710215f35df32a852f8452023f42b2f5f1629d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:96.39ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)={\frac {\sigma (t)}{E_{0}}}+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{1}}{{\tilde {\tau }}E_{0}E_{\infty }}}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t'={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}{\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-(t-t')/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}{\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\tau }}={\frac {\eta E_{0}}{E_{1}E_{\infty }}}={\frac {E_{0}}{E_{\infty }}}\tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\tau }}={\frac {\eta E_{0}}{E_{1}E_{\infty }}}={\frac {E_{0}}{E_{\infty }}}\tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0657ce6611a6afc2b453acb33593889822657e1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:20.389ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\tau }}={\frac {\eta E_{0}}{E_{1}E_{\infty }}}={\frac {E_{0}}{E_{\infty }}}\tau }" loading="lazy"></span>. Hieraus folgt unmittelbar
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(t)={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E_{0}}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }C(t)={\frac {1}{E_{\infty }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>mit</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>und</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(t)={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E_{0}}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }C(t)={\frac {1}{E_{\infty }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e4df1bbbeceff2ce18566248021970c39feeb7b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:66.417ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(t)={\frac {E_{0}-E_{1}e^{-t/{\tilde {\tau }}}}{E_{0}E_{\infty }}}\quad {\text{mit}}\quad C(0)={\frac {1}{E_{0}}}\quad {\text{und}}\quad \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }C(t)={\frac {1}{E_{\infty }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prony-Reihe">Prony-Reihe</h4></div>
<p>Als Verallgemeinerung das Zener<sub>m</sub>-Modell wird oft die Prony-Reihe mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t)=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=1}^{N}E_{k}e^{-t/\tau _{k}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t)=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=1}^{N}E_{k}e^{-t/\tau _{k}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e55222b54da1f4c69c099d026a2f83efb8ffd08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:26.139ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t)=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=1}^{N}E_{k}e^{-t/\tau _{k}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>verwendet, welche der Parallelschaltung einer Hookschen Feder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68cacbe04c10fce753db60f346f92a34e1567d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.591ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> verschiedenen Maxwell-Elementen jeweils mit Federkonstante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7587849b44d775263271e89499f4327eeac5dc81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> und Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{k}=\tau _{k}\cdot E_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{k}=\tau _{k}\cdot E_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/567cb5c3278c858253e0851ab813c6e5fd26d5ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.931ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{k}=\tau _{k}\cdot E_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=1,\dots ,N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=1,\dots ,N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4868d155972aa0d17a9024da88fb9081b6cd4798.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.714ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=1,\dots ,N}" loading="lazy"></span> entsprechen. Die verschiedenen Abfallzeiten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/814ca8b33360ac3b7db8e9435271b5654175c853.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.816ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> können als unterschiedlich schnelle Relaxationsvorgänge im Material betrachtet werden. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68cacbe04c10fce753db60f346f92a34e1567d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.591ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{\infty }}" loading="lazy"></span> stellt wiederum die Federkonstante für sehr große Zeiten (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b543f76f961ec3f52d78fa3d72c3d87a521dd3a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>) dar, während man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{0}=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=0}^{N}E_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{0}=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=0}^{N}E_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15d4387c266fcde79268dcb8cdf07eaa283abe54.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:18.845ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{0}=E_{\infty }+\sum _{k=0}^{N}E_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Federkonstante erhält. Offensichtlich erhält man für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/85982022b9eb1f295b44de55023687a490db0a39.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N=1}" loading="lazy"></span> oder für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{1}=\dots =\tau _{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{1}=\dots =\tau _{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f655b15707659482e14645429eb3d5b0b50c1e43.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.698ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{1}=\dots =\tau _{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> das Zener<sub>m</sub>-Modell. Im Gegensatz zu den vorherigen Modellen gibt es keine einfache Differentialgleichung, die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d0ec2fbe49749b21f2d391656ef60cfb269735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc74fc545ab3f54592db8fccce157170d9a431d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> miteinander verknüpft und auch die Berechnung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81b89c87b051670a491c44ee8d4e49cf8aefbcf5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.415ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist deutlich komplexer.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komplexes_Schubmodul">Komplexes Schubmodul</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Rheologie" title="Rheologie">Rheologie</a> wird oft nicht das zeitabhängige Schubmodul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3d6c09ba5569413364689bf4837c7b71ef0892f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, welches analog zu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf5be62d9f63f5df52e8bc156f950d41e131d99f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.425ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert ist als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=G(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=G(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {G}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t',}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=G(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=G(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {G}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t',}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/69bb6d610a1df85a488444d8aa3768f4a1726afa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:73.34ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)=G(t)\varepsilon (0)+\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t'){\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=G(0)\varepsilon (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {G}}(t-t')\varepsilon (t')\mathrm {d} t',}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc74fc545ab3f54592db8fccce157170d9a431d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Scherdeformation und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d0ec2fbe49749b21f2d391656ef60cfb269735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> die Scherspannung ist, betrachtet, sondern das <a href="Komplexer_Schubmodul" title="Komplexer Schubmodul">komplexe Schubmodul</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=G'(\omega )+iG''(\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=G'(\omega )+iG''(\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4397dc09082297fbaf9ae63ce4e327ac0b87d370.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.809ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=G'(\omega )+iG''(\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Funktion der (Kreis-)Frequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>, welche z. B. in einem <a href="Scherrheometer" title="Scherrheometer">Scherrheometer</a> eingestellt werden kann. Den Realteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'(\omega )=Re({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'(\omega )=Re({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e7003b62267289238e2d54136a861294993614a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.604ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'(\omega )=Re({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet man hierbei als Speichermodul und ist proportional zum elastischen Schubmodul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }" loading="lazy"></span> und der als Verlustmodul bezeichnete Imaginärteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''(\omega )=Im({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>I</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''(\omega )=Im({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7021599b0d9e38b2e2610aaf0807c619aa150b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.421ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''(\omega )=Im({\tilde {G}}(\omega ))}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht dem Produkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \cdot \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \cdot \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/62aa3bb58eef69c1976b27cd00443107b72a8778.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.294ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \cdot \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Frequenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> und der Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span>. Während man einfach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=\mu +i\omega \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>μ<!-- μ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=\mu +i\omega \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8237180bca52ed182c2b112e2b4854c858f2234f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.84ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )=\mu +i\omega \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> für einen Kelvin-Körper erhält, weisen komplexe Materialien eine deutlich kompliziertere Frequenzabhängigkeit auf.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_G(t)_und_G̃(ω)"><span id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_G.28t.29_und_G.CC.83.28.CF.89.29"></span>Zusammenhang zwischen G(t) und G̃(ω)</h4></div>
<p>Das komplexe, frequenzabhängige Schubmodul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d846ffc40dbf3978caa2e37f038622c0069484f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.082ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> ist mit dem (zeitlich relaxierendem) Schubmodul G(t) verknüpft über die <a href="Laplace-Transformation" title="Laplace-Transformation">Laplace-Transformation</a>. Seien hierzu <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{G(t)\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{G(t)\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60dd934bf282088aab605cdbad6deaf3a8813000.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.616ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{G(t)\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\sigma (t)\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\sigma (t)\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/057ae5d644856270f4903b82bff3821ee06394b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.622ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\sigma }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\sigma (t)\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\varepsilon (t)\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\varepsilon (t)\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9d9e016f5d7a97c309a2ccf52a10c1b5f8bc3d04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.402ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)={\mathcal {L}}\left\{\varepsilon (t)\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Laplace-Transformationen von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3d6c09ba5569413364689bf4837c7b71ef0892f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d0ec2fbe49749b21f2d391656ef60cfb269735.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.979ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma (t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc74fc545ab3f54592db8fccce157170d9a431d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\sigma }}(s)=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\mathcal {L}}\left\{\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t')\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\mathcal {L}}\left\{{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \left(s\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)-\varepsilon (0)\right)\\=&s\cdot {\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s),\end{aligned}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
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<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo>=</mo>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\sigma }}(s)=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\mathcal {L}}\left\{\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t')\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\mathcal {L}}\left\{{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \left(s\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)-\varepsilon (0)\right)\\=&s\cdot {\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s),\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13fff012cd125f237b443f89c9dddb7cb1aabbde.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.838ex; width:47.916ex; height:16.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\hat {\sigma }}(s)=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\mathcal {L}}\left\{\int _{0}^{t}G(t-t')\cdot {\dot {\varepsilon }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\mathcal {L}}\left\{{\dot {\varepsilon }}(t)\right\}\\=&{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \varepsilon (0)+{\hat {G}}(s)\cdot \left(s\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)-\varepsilon (0)\right)\\=&s\cdot {\hat {G}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s),\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei die <a href="Laplace-Transformation#Allgemeine_Eigenschaften" title="Laplace-Transformation">Eigenschaften der Laplace-Transformation</a> (Faltungstheorem, Laplace-Transformation der Ableitung) verwendet wurden. Setzt man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s=i\omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s=i\omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5d22a51fb4400f3d4c9977ab83dce57351807af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.437ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s=i\omega }" loading="lazy"></span> und definiert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega ):={\hat {\sigma }}(i\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega ):={\hat {\sigma }}(i\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21255c1db632c4efac7a95a5763a824d1927d352.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.717ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega ):={\hat {\sigma }}(i\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega ):={\hat {\varepsilon }}(i\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega ):={\hat {\varepsilon }}(i\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/71f1fc72af4c2ea356091604778a58f7703141d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.77ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega ):={\hat {\varepsilon }}(i\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> als frequenzabhängige Schubspannung und Scherdeformation, ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega ):={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega ):={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/750f9cf45db706c4b7fffec6296f77e87fc0ce33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:27.184ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega ):={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>definitionsgemäß das komplexe Schubmodul. Diese Gleichung verknüpft schließlich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d846ffc40dbf3978caa2e37f038622c0069484f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.082ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {G}}(\omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3d6c09ba5569413364689bf4837c7b71ef0892f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> über dessen Laplace-Transformation.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_G(t)_und_C(t)"><span id="Zusammenhang_zwischen_G.28t.29_und_C.28t.29"></span>Zusammenhang zwischen G(t) und C(t)</h4></div>
<p>Analog erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)=s\cdot {\hat {C}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)=s\cdot {\hat {C}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb9ae629714d018e6eee8099c0a4c95cc648bb38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.698ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)=s\cdot {\hat {C}}(s)\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>aus der Laplace-Transformation der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t',}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
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<mi>C</mi>
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t',}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3ffd4bd0b7ff74f894c15b894617548af46ba1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:73.565ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon (t)=C(t)\sigma (0)+\int _{0}^{t}C(t-t'){\dot {\sigma }}(t')\mathrm {d} t'=C(0)\sigma (t)+\int _{0}^{t}{\dot {C}}(t-t')\sigma (t')\mathrm {d} t',}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und somit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}(\omega ):={\frac {1}{{\tilde {G}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\tilde {G}}(\omega )={\frac {1}{{\tilde {C}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
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</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}(\omega ):={\frac {1}{{\tilde {G}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\tilde {G}}(\omega )={\frac {1}{{\tilde {C}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b0c95af7791c8d8f49cf3a8f4f5ff6973214f87.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:107.265ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {C}}(\omega ):={\frac {1}{{\tilde {G}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\tilde {G}}(\omega )={\frac {1}{{\tilde {C}}(\omega )}}={\frac {{\tilde {\sigma }}(\omega )}{{\tilde {\varepsilon }}(\omega )}}=i\omega \cdot {\hat {G}}(i\omega )={\frac {1}{i\omega \cdot {\hat {C}}(i\omega )}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)={\frac {{\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)}{s\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}}={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {G}}(s)}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\hat {G}}(s)={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {C}}(s)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mo stretchy="false">⇔<!-- ⇔ --></mo>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)={\frac {{\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)}{s\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}}={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {G}}(s)}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\hat {G}}(s)={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {C}}(s)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d267958ce5d72f39cb9685c10bd04cef9726fb7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:55.167ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)={\frac {{\hat {\varepsilon }}(s)}{s\cdot {\hat {\sigma }}(s)}}={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {G}}(s)}}\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad {\hat {G}}(s)={\frac {1}{s^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {1}{{\hat {C}}(s)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Damit sich <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(t)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\left\{{\hat {C}}(s)\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(t)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\left\{{\hat {C}}(s)\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6cf685f997f5a150967a468fa136b7d5358566af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.604ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(t)={\mathcal {L}}^{-1}\left\{{\hat {C}}(s)\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span> mithilfe der inversen Laplace-Transformation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">L</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a0067e9f5f25b8a53746c33679f86814cfb61b2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.937ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3d6c09ba5569413364689bf4837c7b71ef0892f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.476ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. dessen Laplace-Transformierten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9cadea78a2832d8c2d748d8086387dd6ee839942.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.726ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {G}}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> berechnen. Die Umkehrung gilt ebenso, falls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C(t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C(t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81b89c87b051670a491c44ee8d4e49cf8aefbcf5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.415ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C(t)}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/621aab9ae032e5b68800039c48516d89ecc519e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.666ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {C}}(s)}" loading="lazy"></span> bekannt sind. Jedoch ist es praktisch in den meisten Fällen sehr schwierig die inverse Laplace-Transformation zu berechnen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Übergang_zwischen_viskosem_und_festem_Stoffverhalten"><span id=".C3.9Cbergang_zwischen_viskosem_und_festem_Stoffverhalten"></span>Übergang zwischen viskosem und festem Stoffverhalten</h2></div>
<p>Alle Flüssigkeiten und Feststoffe können wie viskoelastische Materialien betrachtet werden, indem ihr Speicher- und Verlustmodul, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76634fad5818a777669a77cd8c86d1d816e4c402.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.511ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a37ec377e9bb29c7dd95a844c1b230fbbebea75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.964ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''}" loading="lazy"></span>, bzw. ihr <a href="Verlustfaktor" title="Verlustfaktor">Verlustfaktor</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta =G''/G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta =G''/G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/39d32ba8f5dcd46bd16e63931f891bb484b157d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.532ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta =G''/G'}" loading="lazy"></span> angegeben werden.
</p><p>Bei ideal-viskosen Flüssigkeiten (<a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">newtonsches Fluid</a>) ist der Speichermodul sehr klein gegenüber dem Verlustmodul, bei ideal-elastischen Festkörpern dagegen, die dem <a href="Hookesches_Gesetz" title="Hookesches Gesetz">hookeschen Gesetz</a> gehorchen, ist der Verlustmodul sehr klein gegenüber dem Speichermodul.
</p><p>Viskoelastische Materialien weisen sowohl einen messbaren Speichermodul als auch einen messbaren Verlustmodul auf. Falls der Speichermodul größer ist als der Verlustmodul, spricht man von Feststoffen, andernfalls von Flüssigkeiten.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<tbody><tr>
<th>
</th>
<th colspan="2">Flüssigkeiten
</th>
<th>Sol-Gel-Übergang
</th>
<th colspan="2">Feststoffe
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Materialverhalten
</td>
<td>ideal-viskos
</td>
<td colspan="3">viskoelastisch
</td>
<td>ideal-elastisch
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Speicher- und Verlustmodul
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''\gg G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>≫<!-- ≫ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''\gg G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c85a05c6b28a05b1e511ad5c7d5e1812f4c77445.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.089ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''\gg G'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''>G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''>G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c813e0bcc24d8d378504c3f4046c6db1db608261.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.574ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''>G'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''=G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''=G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6383e300364afac87eb2ec304634425f6a1f5837.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.574ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''=G'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''<G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo><</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''<G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97bf89cbc98a41e7bd52459bcc1a0231d506d038.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.574ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''<G'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''\ll G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''\ll G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9531ca615eaced14644024d2dd1dcaf3e0de0193.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.089ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''\ll G'}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Verlustfaktor
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta \gg 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>≫<!-- ≫ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta \gg 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d329def44ba7f1b55ee22853600ee12e346851b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.572ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta \gg 1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta >1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta >1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a9a251a7578034e1dea97d55a34be1b77a7a7ace.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.056ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta >1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb3038518cc0cc9c8c44333c7092b084e02a6a86.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.056ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta =1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta <1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo><</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta <1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a49717d3341da3afa57ce9ea525645626f8b974.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.056ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta <1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \delta \ll 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \delta \ll 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/55f4299c2d0722aeed31423dd3d4ad2d7bf63a63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.572ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \delta \ll 1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">Stoffgesetz
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =\eta \cdot {\dot {\gamma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =\eta \cdot {\dot {\gamma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c35fc6cd5f75bf597646c81cd425fbffd32435dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.411ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =\eta \cdot {\dot {\gamma }}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td colspan="3"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =f(G',G'',\gamma ,{\dot {\gamma }})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =f(G',G'',\gamma ,{\dot {\gamma }})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/471e59b146c460ee12f064cef81590b2edc3f963.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.49ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =f(G',G'',\gamma ,{\dot {\gamma }})}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau =G\cdot \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau =G\cdot \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d82f2d1321fb093dcea9d8355bd46d729db34add.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.069ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau =G\cdot \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In der letzten Zeile bedeuten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> die Scherspannung, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> die Scherung und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>γ<!-- γ --></mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c250a2cd0b68db26e9663686345f6cee8074d5f0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}}" loading="lazy"></span> ihre zeitliche Änderung (siehe Skizze unter <a href="Komplexer_Schubmodul" title="Komplexer Schubmodul">komplexer Schubmodul</a>). Die Viskosität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> hängt mit dem Imaginärteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G''}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G''}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a37ec377e9bb29c7dd95a844c1b230fbbebea75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.964ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G''}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Elastizitätsmodul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Realteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>G</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76634fad5818a777669a77cd8c86d1d816e4c402.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.511ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G'}" loading="lazy"></span> des komplexen Schubmoduls zusammen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ursachen">Ursachen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bei_Polymeren">Bei Polymeren</h3></div>
<p>Die Viskoelastizität von Polymeren beruht auf einer verzögerten Gleichgewichtseinstellung der <a href="Makromolek%C3%BCl" title="Makromolekül">Makromoleküle</a> zueinander bei oder nach mechanischer Belastung. Der Anteil der jeweiligen <a href="Dehnung" title="Dehnung">Dehnungskomponenten</a> an der Gesamtdehnung wird bestimmt durch Sekundärbindungen (<a href="Dipol-Dipol-Kr%C3%A4fte" title="Dipol-Dipol-Kräfte">Dipol-</a>, <a href="Wasserstoffbr%C3%BCcken-Bindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasserstoffbrücken-Bindung">Wasserstoffbrücken-</a> sowie <a href="Van-der-Waals-Kr%C3%A4fte" title="Van-der-Waals-Kräfte">Van-der-Waals-Bindung</a>) und Molekülverhakungen. Die zeitabhängige Dehnungskomponente wird bestimmt durch Streck-, Entknäuelungs- und Entschlaufungsvorgänge.
</p><p>Das reversible elastische Verhalten wird durch die <a href="Entropie-Elastizit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropie-Elastizität">Entropie-Elastizität</a> bedingt. Je nach Temperatur, <a href="Beanspruchung_(Technische_Mechanik)" title="Beanspruchung (Technische Mechanik)">Beanspruchungs</a>dauer und -geschwindigkeit kommt es zu <a href="Irreversibler_Prozess" title="Irreversibler Prozess">irreversiblen</a> viskosen Molekülabgleitungen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bei_Metallen_und_Keramiken">Bei Metallen und Keramiken</h3></div>
<p>In <a href="Kristallin" title="Kristallin">kristallinen</a> Festkörpern wie <a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metallen</a> oder <a href="Keramik" title="Keramik">Keramiken</a> sind überwiegend <a href="Gitterfehler" title="Gitterfehler">Defekte</a> wie <a href="Zwischengitteratom" title="Zwischengitteratom">Zwischengitteratome</a> oder <a href="Versetzung_(Materialwissenschaft)" title="Versetzung (Materialwissenschaft)">Versetzungen</a> für eine verzögerte Dehnung und damit für viskoelastisches Verhalten verantwortlich. Meist sind die Abweichungen von der idealen Elastizität hier deutlich kleiner als bei Kunststoffen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viskoelastische_Experimente">Viskoelastische Experimente</h2></div>
<ul><li>Der <a href="Schwingungsrheometrie" title="Schwingungsrheometrie">Oszillationsversuch</a>: Messung von Spannung und Dehnung bei <a href="Sinus_und_Kosinus" title="Sinus und Kosinus">sinus</a>förmiger Belastung.</li>
<li>Der <a href="Kriechversuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriechversuch">Kriechversuch</a> (Retardation): Messung der zeitlich veränderlichen Dehnung bei konstanter Spannung.</li>
<li>Die <a href="Spannungsrelaxation" title="Spannungsrelaxation">Spannungsrelaxation</a>: Messung der zeitlich veränderlichen Spannung bei / nach sprunghafter Dehnung.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm" title="Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm">Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagramm</a></li>
<li><a href="Rei%C3%9Fl%C3%A4nge" title="Reißlänge">Reißlänge</a></li>
<li><a href="Dynamisch-mechanische_Analyse" title="Dynamisch-mechanische Analyse">Dynamisch-mechanische Analyse</a></li>
<li><a href="Anomale_Diffusion" title="Anomale Diffusion">Anomale Diffusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Weissenberg-Zahl" title="Weissenberg-Zahl">Weissenberg-Zahl</a></li>
<li><a href="Strukturviskosit%C3%A4t" title="Strukturviskosität">Strukturviskosität</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roempp.thieme.de/lexicon/RD-22-00917"><i>Viskoelastizität</i></a>. In: <i><a href="R%C3%B6mpp_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Römpp Online">Römpp Online</a>.</i> Georg Thieme Verlag, abgerufen am 7. Dezember 2011.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li>
<li>M.S. Blanter, I.S. Golovin, H. Neuhäuser, H.-R. Sinning: <cite style="font-style:italic">Internal friction in metallic materials: a handbook</cite>. 1. Auflage. Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-68757-3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Viskoelastizit%C3%A4t&rft.au=M.S.+Blanter%2C+I.S.+Golovin%2C+H.+Neuh%C3%A4user%2C+...&rft.btitle=Internal+friction+in+metallic+materials%3A+a+handbook&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=1.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783540687573&rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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